Jessica

 Definition of COVALENT BOND: A chemical link between two atoms in which electrons are shared between them.

Definition of ELECTRONEGATIVITY: A property of an atom which increases its tendency to attract the electrons of a bond.

Naming Covalent Bonds: 1)Elements are listed by lower group first. 2)If bothe elements are in the same group the lower atomic number element is the first of the bond. 3)Second element will end in -ide 4)prefixes are used to tell how many atoms are in the bond (mono,bi,tri,ect.) 5)First element will only have a prefix if it is more than one.

Examples: BF 2 -Boron trifluoride Dinitrogen pentaoxide- N 2 O 5

Defining a Covalent Bond:  
 * Covalent Bonds- one or more bonds made between elements when th bond is made by the by the sharing of electrons
 * Single bonds- sharing of 2 electrons between 2 elements
 * Double Bond- sharing of 4 electrons between 2 elements
 * <span style="font-size: 170%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; color: rgb(189, 40, 235);"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; color: rgb(184, 20, 240);"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; color: rgb(191, 13, 57);">Triple Bond- sharing of 6 electrons between 2 elements

<span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"><span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(50, 241, 14);">Drawing Lewis Dot Structures: <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"><span style="font-size: 150%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; color: rgb(13, 242, 34);"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; color: rgb(43, 232, 33);"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; color: rgb(116, 168, 251);"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; color: rgb(184, 20, 240);"> <span style="color: rgb(228, 96, 12);"> Drawing Ions (with a charge):
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"><span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(50, 241, 14);">Draw the lewis dot structure for each element.
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"><span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(50, 241, 14);">Place the element having the most unpaired electrons in the center.
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"><span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(50, 241, 14);">Bond as many many single elements to the center element as possible. -Keep balance as you draw
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"><span style="font-size: 150%; color: rgb(50, 241, 14);">Create double/triple bonds as necessary to reach the octet for all elements.
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"> <span style="color: rgb(228, 96, 12);">Carbonate (CO 3   )-²
 * <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace;"> <span style="color: rgb(228, 96, 12);">The -2 means that you will have have to add two extra electrons to have all elements reach the octet rule

<span style="font-size: 160%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; color: rgb(0, 38, 255);">Exceptions to Octet Rule >
 * <span style="font-size: 160%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; color: rgb(0, 38, 255);">Elements with 3,5 & 7 valance electrons
 * <span style="font-size: 160%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; color: rgb(0, 38, 255);">Can be stable without meeting the Octet rule.
 * <span style="font-size: 160%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; color: rgb(0, 38, 255);">3 w/ 6 electrons bonding
 * <span style="font-size: 160%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; color: rgb(0, 38, 255);">5 w/ 10 electrons bonding
 * <span style="font-size: 160%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; color: rgb(0, 38, 255);">7 w/ 14 electrons bonding

<span style="font-size: 140%; font-family: 'Lucida Console',Monaco,monospace; color: rgb(60, 242, 246);"> Electronegativity: The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself.

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<span style="color: rgb(45, 200, 198); font-size: 160%;">__S-orbitals__ <span style="color: rgb(45, 200, 198); font-size: 160%;"> 2 electrons total <span style="color: rgb(45, 200, 198); font-size: 160%;"> 1 bond location <span style="color: rgb(45, 200, 198); font-size: 160%;"> sphere orbital <span style="color: rgb(45, 200, 198); font-size: 160%;"> sigma bond <span style="color: rgb(45, 200, 198); font-size: 160%;"> first bond area

<span style="font-size: 190%; color: rgb(45, 200, 198);">__P-orbitals__ 6 electrons total 3 bond locations dumbbell shaped orbital overlapping Pi bonds 3 additional bonds ->Hybridization: classifying bonds s sp sp² sp³ (see drawing)

i didnt s much as learn as i did finally understand the octet rule.